Monday, August 13, 2018

Why won't the Parker Solar Probe melt in the Sun's corona?

I was reading an article in The New Indian Express (of all places!) about why NASA's Parker Solar Probe is not going to melt as it gets very close to the Sun, where the temperature is measured in millions of degrees.
The article explains all about the custom-built heat shield (Thermal Protection System, or TPS), which is made from carbon composite foam between two carbon plates. But then it says that the heat shield is tested to withstand heat up to 1,650°C, as hot as molten lava expelled from a volcano. I wondered, though, how this was going to help in the outer reached of the Sun's corona, where the temperature will be over a million degrees.
For an answer, I had to go to the horse's mouth, NASA' s own explanation of how the heat shield deals with such high temperatures. It turns out that there is a difference, which I had never appareciated before, between temperature and heat. Temperature is a measure of how fast particles are moving, while heat is a measure of how much energy is actually transferred. So, high temperatures do not always translate into heating an object. Think of the difference between putting your hand into a pot of boiling water, and putting it into a (much hotter) oven. More specifically, because the Sun's corona is basically empty space containing very few particles, it actually transfers very little energy to the spacecraft as it passes through. Therefore, the heat shield will only have to deal with heat of around 1,400°C. Which is hot, but not millions degrees hot.
So, there you go - science!

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